Meteoritic iron in the Villena Treasure?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2023.12333Keywords:
Archaeometallurgy, pXRF, LA-ICP-MS, meteoritic iron, Late Bronze Age, AlicanteAbstract
The presence in the Villena Treasure (Alicante) of two iron artefacts, a hollow hemisphere and a penannular bracelet or ring, have generated controversy around the chronology of this unique find since its discovery in 1963. The new analytical data here presented point to the use of meteoritic iron for the manufacture of both objects. Such a result places the chronology of the Treasure in the Late Bronze Age, before the production of terrestrial iron started.
Downloads
References
Araque González, R., Bastian, A., Baptista, P., Mataloto, R., Paniego Díaz, P., Rammelkammer, V.… y Ferreiro Mählmann, R. (2023). "Stone-working and the earliest steel in Iberia: Scientific analyses and experimental replications of final bronze age stelae and tools". Journal of Archaeological Science, 152, 105742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105742
Barciela González, V., García Atiénzar, G., Martín de la Sierra Pareja, P. y Hernández Pérez, M. S. (2023). "Los adornos personales en la orfebrería de Cabezo Redondo (Villena, Alicante) y su contexto histórico". Complutum, 34 (Especial), pp. 109-127. https://doi.org/10.5209/cmpl.85236
Brauns, M., Yahalom-Mack, N., Stepanov, I., Sauder, L., Keen, J. y Eliyahu-Behar, A. (2020). "Osmium isotope analysis as an innovative tool for provenancing ancient iron: A systematic approach". PLoS ONE, 15 (3), e0229623. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229623 PMid:32187196 PMCid:PMC7080226
Broschat, K., Ströbele, F., Koeberl, Ch., Eckmann, Ch. y Mertah, E. (2022). Iron from Tutankhamun's tomb. Translated by Schutz, Manon. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2xn164f
Comelli, D., D'Orazio, M., Folco, L., El-Halwagy, M., Frizzi, T., Alberti, R.… y Valentini, G. (2016). "The meteoritic origin of Tutankhamen's iron dagger blade". Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 51 (7), pp. 1301-1309. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12664
Craddock, P. T. (1995). Early Metal Mining and Production. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Hernández Pérez, M. (2005). "El Tesoro de Villena y el Cabezo Redondo". En: Soler, J. A. (Coord.). El Tesoro de Villena. Un descubrimiento de José María Soler. Alicante: Fundación MARQ, Diputación de Alicante y Ayuntamiento de Villena, pp. 108-125.
Hernández Pérez, M., García Atienzar, G. y Barciela González, V. (2014). "The Treasures of Villena and Cabezo Redondo (Alicante, Spain)". En: Meller, H., Risch, R. y Pernicka, E. (Eds.). Metals of Power - Early Gold and Silver. Halle: Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle, Band 11/II, pp. 593-611.
Hofmann, B. A., Bolliger Schreyer, S., Biswas, S., Gerchow, L., Wiebe, D., Schumann, M.… y Amato, A. (2023). "An arrowhead made of meteoritic iron from the late Bronze Age settlement of Mörigen, Switzerland and its possible source". Journal of Archaeological Science, 157, 105827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2023.105827
Ibhi, A., Ouknine, L., Khiri, F., Ait Touchnt, A., Nachit, H., De Pascale, O. y Senesi, G. S. (2022). "The meteoritic origin of Morocco iron dagger blades". Heritage, 5, pp. 1395-1400. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030072
Jambon, A. (2017). "Bronze Age iron. Meteoritic or not? A chemical strategy". Journal of Archaeological Science, 88, pp. 47-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2017.09.008
Jambon, A., Vilaça, R., Catarino, L. y Barrat, J.-A. (2023). "Portuguese irons of the Late Bronze. A geochemical view". Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 23 (2), pp. 109-125.
Johnson, D., Tyldesley, J., Lowe, T., Withers, Ph. J. y Grady, M. M. (2013). "Analysis of a prehistoric Egyptian bead with implications for the use and perception of meteorite iron in ancient Egypt". Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 48 (6), pp. 997-1006. https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.12120
Lucas Pellicer, M. R. (1998). "Algo más sobre el Tesoro de Villena. Reconstrucción parcial de tres empuñaduras". Cuadernos de Arqueología y Prehistoria de la UAM, 25, pp. 115-136. https://doi.org/10.15366/cupauam1999.25.1.007
Mederos Marín, A. (1999). "La metamorfosis de Villena. Comercio de oro, estaño y sal durante el Bronce Final I entre el Atlántico y el Mediterráneo (1625-1300 AC)". Trabajos de Prehistoria, 56 (2), pp. 115-136. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.1999.v56.i2.278
Nakai, I., Abe, Y., Tantrakarn, K., Omura, S. y Erkut, S. (2008). "Preliminary report on the analysis of an Early Bronze Age iron dagger excavated from Alacahöyük". Anatolian Archaeological Studies, 17, pp. 321-324.
Pernicka, E. y Wasson, J. T. (1987). "Ru, Re, Os, Pt and Au in iron meteorites". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, pp. 1717-1726. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90350-4
Rehren, Th., Belgya, T., Jambon, A., Káli, G., Kasztovsky, Z., Kis, Z.… y Szőkefalvi-Nagy, Z. (2013). "5,000 years old Egyptian iron beads made from hammered meteoritic iron". Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, pp. 4785-4792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.002
Renzi, M. (2012). La Fonteta (Guardamar del Segura, Alicante) y la metalurgia fenicia de época arcaica en la Península Ibérica. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Complutense. Accesible en: https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/20078/
Renzi, M., Rovira, S., Rovira Hortalá, M. C. y Montero Ruiz, I. (2013). "Questioning research on early iron in the Mediterranean". En: Humphris, J. y Rehren, Th. (Eds.). The World of Iron. London: Archetype Publications, pp. 178-187.
Rovira Llorens, S. y Montero Ruiz, I. (2018). "Proyecto 'Arqueometalurgia de la Península Ibérica' (1982-2017)." Trabajos de Prehistoria, 75 (2), pp. 223-247. https://doi.org/10.3989/tp.2018.12213
Scott, E. R. D. y Wasson, J. T. (1975). "Classification and Properties of Iron Meteorites". Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 13 (4), pp. 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG013i004p00527
Soler García, J. M.ª (1965). El Tesoro de Villena. Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España n.º 36. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación Nacional.
Tarradell Mateu, M. (1964). "Sobre el tesoro real de Villena". Saitabi, 14, pp. 3-12.
Yang, J. y Goldstein, J. I. (2005). "The formation of the Widmanstätten structure in meteorites". Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 40 (2), pp. 239-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00378.x
Weinke, H. H. (1977). "Chemical and mineralogical investigation of a Mundrabilla specimen". Meteoritics, 12, pp. 384-386.
Xu, L., Miao, B., Lin, Y. y Ouyang, Z. (2008). "Ulasitai: A new iron meteorite likely paired with Armanty (IIIE)". Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 43 (8), pp. 1263-1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00696.x
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read here the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.